The 10 Most-Banned Classic Novels

Want to read a banned book? Youll have plenty of excellent novels to choose from. There have been many attempts throughout history to suppress or otherwise censor works of literature, even works that have gone on to become  classics. Authors such as George Orwell, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, and Toni Morrison have all seen their works banned at one time or another. The list of banned books is massive, and the reasons for their exclusion varies, but books with sexual content, drug use, or violent imagery are banned most frequently, regardless of their literary value. Here are the top 10 most-banned classic works of fiction in the 20th century, according to the American Library Association, and a little bit about why each was considered controversial. The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald Gatsby, Fitzgeralds Jazz Age classic is one of the most-banned books of all time. The tale of playboy Jay Gatsby and the target of his affection, Daisy Buchanan, was challenged as recently as 1987, by Baptist College in Charleston, S.C. because of language and sexual references in the book. The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger The stream-of-consciousness story of Holden Caulfields coming of age has long been a controversial text for young readers. An Oklahoma teacher was fired for assigning Catcher to an 11th grade English class in 1960, and numerous school boards have banned it for its language (Holden goes on a lengthy rant about the F word  at one point) and sexual content. The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck John Steinbecks Pulitzer Prize-winning novel that tells the story of the migrant Joad family has been burned and banned for its language since its release in 1939. It was even banned for a time by Kern County, Calif., which is where the Joads end up because Kern County residents said it was obscene and libelous. To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee This 1961 Pulitzer-Prize winning story of racism in the Deep South, told through the eyes of a young girl named Scout, has been banned mainly for its use of language, including the N word. A school district in Indiana challenged To Kill a Mockingbird in 1981, because it claimed the book  represented institutionalized racism under the guise of good literature, according to the ALA. The Color Purple, by Alice Walker The novels graphic portrayals of rape, racism, violence against women, and sex have seen it banned by school boards and libraries since its release in 1982. Another winner of the Pulitzer Prize, The Color Purple was one of more than a dozen books challenged in Virginia in 2002 by a group calling themselves Parents Against Bad Books in Schools. Ulysses, by James Joyce The stream-of-consciousness epic novel, considered Joyces masterpiece, was initially banned for what critics viewed as its pornographic nature. In 1922, postal officials in New York seized and burned 500 copies of the novel. The matter ended up in court, where a judge ruled that Ulysses should be available, not just on the basis of free speech, but because he deemed it a book of originality and sincerity of treatment, and that it has not the effect of promoting lust. Beloved, by Toni Morrison The novel, which tells the story of the freed slave Sethe, has been challenged for its scenes of violence and sexual material. Toni Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize, in 1988 for this book, which continues to be challenged and banned. Most recently, a parent challenged the books inclusion on a high school English reading list, claiming that the sexual violence depicted in the book was too extreme for teenagers. As a result, the Virginia Department of Education created a policy requiring the review of sensitive content in reading materials.   The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding This tale of schoolboys stranded on a desert island is often banned for its vulgar language  and violence by its characters. It was challenged at a North Carolina high school in 1981 because it was considered  demoralizing inasmuch as it implies that man is little more than an animal. 1984, by George Orwell The dystopian future in Orwells 1949 novel was written to depict what he saw as serious threats from the then-budding Soviet Union. Nevertheless, it was challenged in a Florida school district in 1981 for being pro-Communist and having explicit sexual matter. Lolita, by Vladmir Nabokov Its little wonder that Nabokovs 1955 novel about middle-aged Humbert Humberts sexual relationship with adolescent Dolores, whom he calls Lolita, has raised some eyebrows. Its been banned as obscene in several countries, including  France, England, and Argentina, from its release until 1959, and in New Zealand until 1960. For more classic books that were banned by schools, libraries, and other authorities, check out the lists at the American Library Associations website.

Analysis Of Alexander Pope s The Enlightenment

‘The Enlightenment’ is defined as a period, popularly confined to the eighteenth century, wherein scientific knowledge and method proliferated under the belief that all knowledge is achievable by man. Opening the gateway to modern philosophy, ‘The Enlightenment’ aimed to explore the nature of human existence, being dubbed as an age of reason. ‘Reason’ is defined as man’s judgement that is, as Creighton explains, ‘held in mind by one who would be freed from the bondage of the emotions’ and must, therefore, differentiate his own reason from the ‘hinderance’ that is feeling , abandoning all sense of morality gained through religion and other environmental aspects. Creighton suggests ‘the excellence of reason is supposed to consist in its†¦show more content†¦In Rasselas, however, Johnson highlights the brutality of man through the kidnapping of Pekuah wherein she witnesses the immorality of slavery o n her journey for happiness, highlighting how the corruption of man lies beyond the safe-haven of Happy Valley. The valley itself is comparable to the Garden of Eden with ‘its evils extracted and excluded.’ However, the connotations of a valley present it as claustrophobic and locked-in, exacerbated by Rasselas’ initial futile attempts to escape. This suggests that while corruption lies beyond the valley, Johnson implies that the nature of man is to reach beyond our own limits regardless of current position, supported by the ‘Original Sin’ wherein Adam and Eve were cast out of the garden in the pursuit of the tree of knowledge. Whilst the paradise of the Happy Valley supplies all manners of ‘pleasure’ Rasselas uses his reason to determine that there must be more to his purpose, comparing the needs of man to that of animals and how they ‘waste their lives in tuning one unvaried series of sounds’3 and concludes that ‘ma n has surely some latent sense for which this place affords no gratification.’ Rasselas therefore separates all he has been raised to believe in order to explore his own purpose – the very definition of reason. Pope can be seen to do the same when describing the ‘lamb [†¦] had he not reason, would he skip or play?’ distinguishing the purpose of the primal animals from that of man. Pope’s reason is alsoShow MoreRelatedLiterature Analysis Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Analysis Noah Serna Western Governors University Humanities C100 January 15, 2016 Personal Observations of the Work The work of literature that I chose to do my initial observations on is a poem written by Phillis Wheatley, called â€Å"To S.M., a Young African Painter, on Seeing his Works.† This poem was written during the enlightenment period. I particularly chose this poem because I always had an interest in reading about AfricanRead MoreFranklin: Puritan or Enlightenment? Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesIs Franklin a Puritan or Enlightenment Thinker About Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin came from a very simple Calvinist background. Ha dad little formal education, but he made it through his own efforts and became a rare genius in human history. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace and he became almost everything: a printer, essayist, scientist, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, etc.-#161;#176;JackRead MoreThe Role of Nature4799 Words   |  20 Pagessuch vast enquiries. I rather want to focus more accurately on how Nature is used by Pope and Coleridge, respectively. With other words, I would like to analyse the function of the concept of Nature. The fact is, that even if these poets do not exhaustively characterise ‘Nature itself, they employ it in a lot of different analogies and metaphors to articulate and embody for example ideas about morality (Pope) or the intimate self (Coleridge). My argument would be to show that in both casesRead MoreGulliver ´s Travels by Jonathan Swift: Biographical Summary1982 Words   |  8 Pages who had similar problems making decisions during his reign. King George rose to power with the help from the Whig party, which Swift hated and highlighted in the relationship between the governor and the Lilliputian emperor. At this time the Enlightenment period was evolving in Europe. The idea was spreading that you could use reason and logic to solve problems. Many prominent intellectuals, including Isaac Newton and Francis Bacon were asking questions, developing theories and making experimentsRead MoreAge of Enlightenment and Century5169 Words   |  21 Pages 2. 81: Compare the ways in which two works of art reproduced below express the artistic, philosophical and cultural values of their times. (Pictures of Michelangelo s David and Giacometti s Man Pointing 1947). 3. 82: Compare and contrast the cultural values of the Enlightenment with those of the sixteenth century Northern Renaissance. 4. 84: Compare and contrast the views of Machiavelli and Rousseau on human nature and the relationship betweenRead Moredsfsdsfs4469 Words   |  18 Pagespiece of writing written from an author s personal point of view, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article and a short story. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays (e.g. Alexander Pope s An Essay on Criticism and An Essay on Man)Read MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 PagesMarx’s economic theories as such: we shall confine our discussion to their methodological premises and implications. It will in any case be obvious to the reader that the present writer upholds the validity of their content. Secondly, a detailed analysis of Rosa Luxemburg’s thought is necessary because its seminal discoveries no less than its errors have had a decisive influence on the theories of Marxists outside Russia, above all in Germany. To some extent this influence persists to this day. ForRead MoreA Look into the Various Forms of Es say Writing5590 Words   |  23 Pagesother through family or marriage, from amongst the military brass, the top bureaucracy, superior judiciary, intelligence outfits. Its wings are flanked by feudal lords, industrial magnates and media barons. McKinsey s 7S Model Introduction This paper discusses McKinsey s 7S Model that was created by the consulting company McKinsey and Company in the early 1980s. Since then it has been widely used by practitioners and academics alike in analysing hundreds of organisations. The paper explainsRead MoreFrancis Bacon15624 Words   |  63 Pagesof his worldly wisdom, he was brightest owing to his powerful intellect and the art of writing terse essays, and he was meanest due to his treacherous character. The above mentioned remark on Bacon was made by a renowned and marvelous poet, â€Å"Alexander Pope†. If we observe critically, this statement holds its validity. For Bacon appeared to be a true child of Renaissance. Undoubtedly he was a man of wisdom and powerful intellect. But all at once he was a calculating character, keeping an eye on theRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pagesï  ± the First separate institution for women were established in Indiana and Massachusetts. DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLGY: 1. Sociology of Law is an attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions under w/c criminal laws develop and w/c is seldom included in the book of criminology. 2. Criminal Etiology is an attempt of scientific analysis of the causes of crimes. 3. Penology is concerned with the control of crime. THE CONCEPT OF PENALTY Penalty in its general sense signifies pain; in the judicial sphere

Essay about Assembling Charts - 719 Words

Properly assemble inpatient. Assembly of medical records are done in * Chronological order according to â€Å"filing order of the medical record.† * Assemble forms according to the order given in this policy * Charts are identified with typewritten white labels with: 1) Patient Name 2) Electronic Health Record Number (MRN) Order of Chart Assemble 1. Face sheet * Patient Information and Guarantor 2. Consent Forms * Signed Yearly Consent Form * Medicare Consent Forms * Counseling Form * BC Consent 3. Lab Reports * Pathology Reports * Laboratory Reports 4. Prenatal (Only Pregnant Patients) 5. Hospital DC * All hospital discharges including†¦show more content†¦Referrals * All documentation for referral of patients to outside providers 3. Communication * Orange Telephone Message / Intake Sheets * Any Provider to patient communication including: i. Letters of Missed appointments / no shows ii. Letters of Patient Termination 4. HIPAA * Al Consents – Treatment, Release of Information amp; Authorization 5. Patient Info / Billing * Patient demographics * CAP information * Insurance information including copies of insurance cards It is important that all documentation such as spelling of the names, addresses of the parents, and full names of the parent are correct the final submitted document. It is a costly mistake for the parents to have to change this information later after submission. This is where HIPAA polices come into effect and help healthcare personal to maintain administrative, physical and technical safeguards in protect confidentiality and prevent unauthorized access to health information. It was interesting to learn that any if a mother is not married, and the father is not present when signing the application for a birth certificate that he must pay to add his name after the birth certificate has been filed with the NC Birth Certificate Registry. Ms. Boyd has 4 days to submit Birth and Death Certificates to the Edgecombe County Health Department After numerous trips to verify that all the information wasShow MoreRelatedLean Six Sigma3597 Words   |  15 Pagesinformation on which the chan ge deliberations will be based on. †¢ Analyze: in this step, information gathered in past steps are investigated utilizing explanatory devices, for example, Pareto dissection, process flow diagram, fish-bone chart, statistical process control charts, for distinguishing vital plan and procedure alterations for accomplishing client fulfillment and performance destinations. †¢ Improve: in this step resources are apportioned so that outline and procedure adjustments required forRead MoreStatistical Quality Control21222 Words   |  85 Pages8 9 Describe categories of statistical quality control (SQC). Explain the use of descriptive statistics in measuring quality characteristics. Identify and describe causes of variation. Describe the use of control charts. Identify the differences between x-bar, R-, p-, and c-charts. Explain the meaning of process capability and the process capability index. Explain the term Six Sigma. Explain the process of acceptance sampling and describe the use of operating characteristic (OC) curves. DescribeRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pagesdiscussed (including Pareto charts and cause-and-effect diagrams, for example), the primary focus in this section is on the Shewhart control chart. The Shewhart control chart certainly is not new, but its use in modern-day business and industry is of tremendous value. There are four chapters in Part IV that present more advanced SPC methods. Included are the cumulative sum and exponentially weighted moving average control charts (Chapter 9), several important univariate control charts such as procedures forRead MoreA Report On Group Key Assention928 Words   |  4 Pages: In this paper, we consider Group key assention implies different gatherings need to make a typical mystery key to be utilized to trade data safely. The gathering key concurrence with a self-assertive availability chart, where every client is just mindful of his neighbor and has no data about the presence of different clients. Further, he has no data about the system topology. We execute the current framework with additional time productive way and give a multicast key era server which is normalRead MoreA Work Breakdown Structure ( Wbs )1170 Words   |  5 Pageshelps keep an summary of the project because it forms the premise for organization and coordination within the project as a well because it shows the number of labor allotted to resources, time needed and prices concerned within the project. A PERT chart is a system based guide for breaking down the tasks that are included in finishing an project to recognize critical ways. They are by and large used to depict the activities and events in programs. Gantt generally used in project management, is a standoutRead MoreFig 5- Manufacturing Value Added And Employment As A Share Of The Total Us Economy1430 Words   |  6 Pagesexpenses of transportation merchandise from the United States to abroad destinations. Likewise, in the wake of encountering offshoring firsthand, numerous organizations found that concealed expenses frequently exceeded the money saving advantages of assembling abroad. Some of these concealed expenses that were not generally considered incorporate variables, for example, expanded expenses of checking and quality control, unverifiable security of protected innovation, and long supply chains. Fig- ReshoringRead MoreCase Study Ringgold Pool and Patio Essay examples1443 Words   |  6 PagesStructure 9 Figure 4: Required Tools Breakdown 10 Figure 5: Return of Investment (ROI) Calculations 10 Figure 6: Net Present Value (NPV) for Next 5 Years 10 Figure 7: Project Life Cycle (Effort vs. Time) 11 Figure 8: Gantt Chart for Pool Installation 11 Introduction Ringold’s Pool and Patio Supply is a small business specializing in above and below ground pools for home use. It is owned and operated by John Ringold, Sr. He recently hired his son, John Jr., as theRead MoreBudget Plan1324 Words   |  6 PagesBank of Indiana (ABI) has recently acquired First America Financial Service Group (FAFS), this acquisition will require the project manager to structure a project that will widen the bank’s portfolio as well as implement the latest technologies. Assembling a project teams takes thought and consideration. Since the success of the project depends on the engagement of the members of the team, the assembly is a vital part of project management. Putting together a good project team is no easy task. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Ringold s Pool And Patio Supply1276 Words   |  6 Pagesworth the company’s time. Exhibit 1 is the Project Scope Statement for this project. It details what the deliverables are to John Sr. upon completion of this project. In the exhibits and figures are a life cycle diagram for this project and a Gantt Chart for the installation of the pool. The life cycle of this project is the most common type in terms of effort. At the beginning, effort is low as data is being defined by the scope of the project. As the project progresses there is an increase in effortRead MoreThe Board Of Trustees. Harris Memorial Hospital And . Harris1146 Words   |  5 Pagesamount of time spent on each chart pull by an employee per an average week. Process Improvement Opportunity From an operational efficiency point of view, one of the obvious benefit of EHR one can achieve will be chart pull. A physician will see at least 80 patients per week and on an average a chart pull requires eight minutes of time without EHR, so the time spent will be equal to 640 minutes’ time per week which will impact the pay scale of the employee handling the chart or for an extra employee

The Cask of Amontillado Essays - 809 Words

The Cask of Amontillado The Electoral College system is a serious problem with the United States government. The Electoral College is a system for election in which each state selects electors equal in number to that of its representation in the House and Senate. (OConnor and Sabato, 2000) This method took the election of the president and vice-president out of the people and Congresss hands, and placed it in that of the selected electors. (OConnor and Sabato, 2000) Forty-eight of the fifty states use the winner-take-all method. (Lavelle et al., 2000) That means that whichever candidate wins the states popular vote receives all of that states electoral votes. (Lavelle et al., 2000) The system was the result of a compromise†¦show more content†¦(OConnor and Sabato, 2000) So the Framers decided that Presidents wouldnt be popularly elected. (OConnor and Sabato, 2000) Instead, a group of electors equal in number to that of the states number of representatives in the House and Senate would be desig nated by appointment or by popular vote. (OConnor and Sabato, 2000) Whichever candidate received a majority of the electors won the presidency. (OConnor and Sabato, 2000) This means there are a total of 538 electoral votes up for grabs, and 270 of those votes are needed to win the majority. (Rosenberg, 2000) In the case that no candidate reaches 270 votes, the House would select a president and the Senate would choose the vice president. (Rosenberg, 2000) This particular situation occurred in 1800 when Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr both received 73 electoral votes. (Rosenberg, 2000) The House eventually gave the victory to Thomas Jefferson.(Rosenberg, 2000) Then in 1824, 1876, and 1888 a candidate lost the popular vote, but still won the presidency. (Rosenberg, 2000) Since our nation has entered the 20th century, there have still been several crises in which the Electoral College is to blame. In the election of 1976, Democrat Jimmy Carter received 1.7 million more votes tha n theShow MoreRelatedThe Cask of Amontillado663 Words   |  3 PagesThe irony is detected by the use of his exaggeration. The symbolism by the objects it uses and how they are used. â€Å"’The cask of Amontillado’ is a creepy short story written by Edgar Allan Poe. The story is rife with examples of symbolism and irony. â€Å" â€Å"Poe tells a tale of revenge and humiliation, the way the story symbolizes Poe’s work that has a mind-boggling ending. â€Å" The story is full of examples of irony and symbolism to try to answer questions thrown at the reader in the short story. The narratorRead MoreThe Cask of Amontillado514 Words   |  2 PagesThe amontillado was a significant symbol because it is what is used to lure fortunate and represents a rare, â€Å"fortunate would clearly imply that is man of good fortunate, when the actual cause is that he is about to scuffs a mostly untimely demise† which is ironic because fortunato is not very fortunito. â€Å"montresor plans to take revenge on fortunate for insulting him in a big manner, that montresor wants to kill him. â€Å" montresor lures fortunateRead MoreCask of Amontillado1545 Words   |  7 PagesForeshadowing the Fate in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† In â€Å"Cask of Amontillado,† Edgar Allan Poe presents a murderous tale of revenge revealed as the confession of a man who murdered another man over fifty years ago because of an â€Å"insult.† During a carnival festival, the murderer led his companion to the catacombs where he buried the man alive. The charter of Montresor lures his victim, Fortunato with the promise of a fine sherry, amontillado. As Poe’s character of Montresor guides the wine connoisseurRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado :825 Words   |  4 PagesChiara Cappelletti Professor Vega English 201-1112 February 8th THE CASK OF AMONTILLADO 5) Are individuals ever justified in taking justice into their own hands? Being raised based with Catholic principles implies that certain values, such as the respect for a persons life, became part of my own identity. Therefore, I personally believe that no one has the right to decide whether or not someone deserves to die. However, I believe that values and principles are the product of the societyRead More The Cask of Amontillado1774 Words   |  8 PagesIn Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† the main character, Montresor, leads his enemy, Fortunato, into his catacombs, and there buries him alive by bricking him up in a niche in the wall; Poe gives no actual reason for this except to say that Montresor has been â€Å"insulted† in some way. In his Science Fiction work â€Å"Usher II,† Ray Bradbury adopts many of Poe’s works in creating his story—including pieces from â€Å"TCoA.† What separates Bradbury’s work from other authors who borrow works and re-imagineRead MoreThemes Of The Cask Of The Amontillado 1104 Words   |  5 PagesEyad Daoud Alyson Dickerman ENG-102-18 February 25, 2015 Themes of A.S. Byatt and Poe In the stories â€Å"The Cask of The Amontillado† and â€Å"The Thing in The Forest†, the themes loss, madness, and fear were used. They both seem to start with some type of loss and end with a type of madness. In both stories Montresor and Penny from â€Å"The Thing in The Forest† have lost something affecting their lives greatly. These losses put these characters in some type of state of madness. Their loss make these storiesRead MoreRevenge In The Cask Of Amontillado1293 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is an American author famously known for short stories of mystery and horror. One of the many short stories that Edgar Allan Poe is known for is The Cask of Amontillado. This short story is about Montressor’s seek of revenge to Fortunato who had hurt him a â€Å"thousand times† and learned that Fortunato laughed at his â€Å"proud name, Montressor, the name of an old and honored family† (Poe). Montressor devises a plan of revenge by us ing Fortunato’s â€Å"great weakness; he liked to drink goodRead Moreâ€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesI cannot begin talking about â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† without first mentioning its author, Mr. Edgar Allen Poe and his unique style of writing. Poe’s style of writing is described as â€Å"Dark Gothic.† Poe uses irony to create a comedic effect which only foreshadows the horror ahead; his short story writing still giving readers the full effect of the story; Poe felt a story should be read in one sitting, with each event occurring in order keeping with the storyline as he states in his essay â€Å"TheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1140 Words   |  5 PagesKawanda Garner Ms. Roesch ENC 1102 29 April 2016 Main Character Narration and Its Effects The first –person narration style of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is vital in creating the quality of the story. The story allows one of the main characters in the story Montresor, to tell the story from his point of view which gives the reader intimate yet disturbing look into the mind story teller thinks and feels which the reader doesn’t normally get from other narrative styles. The narrative style of thisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1277 Words   |  6 PagesIt is often said that revenge is sweet, but that phrase does not hold to be extremely true throughout The Cask of Amontillado. There are various themes and lessons throughout the story, but there is one theme that seems to be shown more than others. The most prevalent theme is that jealousy can lead to vengeance, and ultimately lead to the downfall, or even death, of a person. This theme is clearly evident through the two main characters, Montresor and Fortunato. By looking closer at Montresor’s

Gap Model of Service Marketing Free Essays

Introduction In a competitive market, a business’s main purpose is to create value for customers, because it is basically the consumer who essentially determines what a business is, even the future success of a business (Karl, 2009). For service marketing, which is the form of marketing focuses on processes deeds and performances, service quality is only way for customers to evaluate their experiences (Susamoo, 2012). Hence, the service quality is one of the most important factors that any service organisation should face. We will write a custom essay sample on Gap Model of Service Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Service quality can be defined as ‘a customers’ perception of how well a service meets or exceeds their expectations’ (Seth, Deshmukh ; Vrat, 2005). However, many consumers are short of the knowledge to evaluate the service they receive, meanwhile, the providers also lack skills to meet customer’s needs. When the experience does not match the expectation, a gap arises. The gap model of service quality identifies five major gaps that organizations seeking to meet customer’s expectations in service delivery process (Turner, Bienstock Reed, 2010). The purpose of this paper is discussing the gaps can occur in delivery of service quality. Besides, this essay will describe the feasible approaches for closing these service quality gaps, and put forward the examples to support. Customer Gap Customer gap is the difference between customer expectations and perceptions (Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler, 2006). This gap arises when the customers misinterpret the service quality. The customer expectation is the standards or reference points that customer bring into the service experience, sometimes influenced by their cultural background, lifestyle, personality and so forth. Customer perception is based on the customers’ interaction with service. In ideal world, customer’s expectation world be almost identical to customer’s perception (Talebzade, 2009). However, actually, even some great companies like Apple seem to be increasing significantly their customer gap. Customers complained that they were squeezed by Apple’s service platform, iTunes, because of the high cost of Apps. The App customers expect was high quality and cost-saving service, but the spending was far outstripped their expectation. It caused customers dissatisfied with iTunes services (Sullivan, 2011). Therefore, the results of customer gap are quite predictable, the higher the customer gap, the higher the risk of generating customer dissatisfaction and losing loyalty. In order to close the customer gaps, managers should educate customer to see reality of service delivery and clearly understand the customer expectation. IKEA, the world’s largest furniture retailer used to collect the information about customers’ ideal shopping experience so as to meet customers’ needs before opened its Chicago store. In basis of those feedbacks, IKEA redesigned the store, and made it more appropriate for shopping. Local customers were so satisfied with this store, and rated 85 per cents ‘excellent’ for this store (Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler, 2006). Hence, clearly understanding customers’ expectation and perception in advance can help managers to narrow the gap. Knowledge Gap Knowledge gap is the difference between customer expectation of service and company understanding of those expectation (Webb, 2000). Service providers who result in knowledge gap sometimes apply inadequate marketing research orientation and lack of communication with employees and customers. Moreover, the factors of lacking company strategies to strengthen customer relationships and inadequate service recoveries are also the critical reasons to cause knowledge gap. Boeing has been the leader of airplane manufacturing and service providing. However, in 2006, Boeing declared that their cabin broadband access service was suspended, because this service was badly received by passengers. In actual, for passengers, what they want was flights to be on time. Boeing assessed customer expectation in wrong way, and made failure of the service innovation (BBC, 2006). In a customer-orientated business, it is important to have a clear understanding of the customer’s need for service. To close the gap between the customer’s expectation and business’s perception of service delivery, anagers require a set of comprehensive marketing research and adequate upward communication with their customers and employees. For solving this problem, Ritz-Carlton Hotel establishes its Customer Relationship Management (CRM) for improving service quality. The information of registered customers in CRM can help Ritz-Carlton Hotel to customize client’s accommodation experience based on customer’s lifestyle and preference (Delio, 2000). Therefore, for closing knowledge gap and improving service quality, manager should know what customer really want. Design and Standard Gap Design and Standard Gap is the gap between provider’s perception and customer-driven service designs and standards. It may arise when companies are difficultly translating customer expectation into service quality specification. The reasons of this gap occurs can include poor service design, lack of quality specification and failure of maintaining and updating servicescape (Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler, 2006). Presently in Taiwan, the tourism sector encourages local farmers to develop their rural tourism in order to attract mainland visitors. Therefore, the number of agents were founded in the last two years. Nevertheless, many agents are not registered with Taiwanese tourism sector, and do not get the appropriate insurances for taking care of tourists (Siow, 2012). The tourist’s expectation is the safe and pleasant journey experience, but the tourism sector cannot supervise this market well. It causes negative impact among visitors. In order to close design and standard gap, managers need make sure that they are defining the level of service quality they believe. For example, Amazon has set standards for specifying the shipping time when a products is unavailable, out of product in local warehouse and other different conditions (Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler, 2006). These sets of specifications can improve the efficiency of daily operation, and enhance service quality for customers. Therefore, managers should specify service quality standards that reflect expectation so as to narrow the design and standard gap. Performance Gap Performance Gap is the gap between the service quality specification and service delivery. This gap exposes when service providers fail to deliver service quality according to their goals and standards. Sometimes, service providers who leading this gap have poor human resource policies, or staffs lack of knowledge and skills to delivery service to customers (Chenet, Tynan Money, 2000). Motorola is famous for its performance management. Motorola’s managers believe that the human resource strategy is identical to their performance management. Motorola focuses on the skills of individual employee to improve the process of delivering value to customers. Motorola‘s service performance objectives consist of two parts, business goals and behaviour standards. These two parts work together to improve employee performance and service quality (Ahire, Waller Golhar, 1996). Therefore, for narrowing the performance gap, managers need to audit the customer experience that providers currently deliver, in order to make sure the level of service delivery can live up to the specification (Rajagopal, n. d. ). Besides, managers also should consider the role of employee and customer in delivery process. For Motorola, except for improve staff training and education, managing and analysing the customers’ different requirements are also important. Hence, so as to close the performance gap, managers should coordinate the interaction between employees and customers in delivery process, and make service experiences meet the specification. Communication Gap Communication gap is the gap between the delivery of customer experience and what is communicated with customers (Hudson, 2011). Sometimes, customer expectations are highly influenced by the promises made by service providers. Therefore, this gap arises when service providers are over-promised, and do not match the actual service quality to customers. In 2009, Google launched its music service in mainland China, and cooperated with local music website, Top100 to provide free and legal music. Google promised that customers can create their own online songs list, and easily access to that in any time. However, with the failure of the cooperation with partner, and shut down the mainland division, Google’s music service became unstable. Customers often cannot accesse to their online music list as Google promised. Google over-promised their service and finally cannot perform that (Tejada, 2012). Clearly, Google’s failure is the result of communication gap between customers’ perceptions and Google’s promises. Therefore, so as to narrow the communication gap, managers should ensure service performance quality matches to their promises. Besides, they also need avoid ineffective management of customer expectation and inadequate horizontal communication among different service providers (Zeithaml, Bitner ; Gremler, 2006). As an electronics retail giant, BestBuy have 1150 stores around the world. In each BestBuy store, staffs will clearly and directly promise the returns commitments of goods to customers, and faithfully perform their promises (BestBuy, 2013). Hence, managers need avoid exaggerating what will provide to customer so that finally harming customer’s perceptions. Conclusion This paper has described the five gaps that occur in the process of service delivery. Moreover, a set of approaches so as to close these service quality gaps is explained following each gap model. Today’s consumer has become increasingly demanding. Customers often look at the service quality of both the process and outcomes of service delivery. The delivery of high quality service is one of the most complicated and important tasks for each service provider. The gap model of service quality is a measure of how service supplied by providers meet or surpass customer’s expectation (Ahmed et al, n. d. ). In order to close these gaps, managers should clearly understand customer expectation, set quality specification, manage employee performance and communication channel. To narrow the service quality gap is not only for improving the service quality, but also for delivering value well to customers. References Ahire, SL, Waller, MA ; Golhar, DY 1996, ‘Quality management in TQM versus non-TQM firms: an empirical investigation’, The International Journal of Quality ; Reliability Management, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 8-27, viewed 23 March 2013, ;http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. utas. edu. au/business/docview/197606505/13D0B260F7C754E46B9/3? accountid=14245;. Ahmed, I, Gul, S, Hayat, U ; Qasim, M n. d. Service quality; Service features; and Customer complaint handling as the major determinants of customer satisfaction in Banking sector, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, viewed 24 March 2013, ; http://www. wbiconpro. com/5[1]. ISHFA. pdf;. BestBuy, 2013, Return ; Exchange Policy, BestBuy Official Website, viewed 24 March 2013, ;http://www. bestbuy. com/site/Returns-Refunds/Return-%26-Exchange-Policy/pcmcat260800050014. c? id=pcmcat260800050014;. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 2006, Boeing exits in-flight broadband, BBC, London, viewed 23 March 2013, ; http://news. bc. co. uk/2/hi/business/5261562. stm;. Chenet, P, Tynan, C ; Money, A 2000, ‘The service performance gap: testing the redeveloped causal model’, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 34, no. 3/4, pp. 472-497, viewed 23 March 2013, ;http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. utas. edu. au/business/docview/237021271/13D0B1BB3BD6EE81139/1? accountid=14245;. Delio, M 2000, For Ritz-Carlton, It All Begins with Customer Knowledge, destinationcrm. com, viewed 23 March 2013, ; http://www. destinationcrm. com/Articles/CRM-News/Daily-News/For-Ritz-Carlton-It-All-Begins-with-Customer-Knowledge-47424. spx;. Hudson, P 2011, An examination of how gaps between customer expectations of service quality and actual service quality can arise, Marketing Student Blog, viewed 24 March, ;http://www. phil-hudson. com/an-examination-of-how-gaps-bet ween-customer-expectations-of-service-quality-and-actual-service-quality-can-arise/;. Karl, JA 2009, Customer Service – The Importance of Quality Service, SparkNET, viewed 22 March 2013, ;http://ezinearticles. com/? Customer-Service—The-Importance-of-Quality-Serviceid=2220862. Rajagopal, V n. d. Closing the Gap Between Guest Expectation and Management Perception, Pacific International Hotel Management School, New Plymouth, viewed 24 March 2013, http://hotelexecutive. com/business_review/2382/closing-the-gap-between-guest-expectation-and-management-perception. Seth, N, Deshmukh, SG Vrat, P 2005, ‘Service quality models: a review’, The International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, vol. 22, no. 8/9, pp. 913-949, viewed 23 March 2013, http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. utas. edu. au/business/docview/197664577/13D0AB6BF845920B8F4/1? accountid=14245. Siow, CW 2012, Identify Possible Critical Provider Gap(s) in the Package Tours Sold by Travel Agencies in Singapore, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, viewed 23 March 2013, ;http://digitalscholarship. unlv. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=2335;context=thesesdissertations;. Sullivan, D, 2011, Why Do Amazon ; Apple Hate Families? , Daggle. com, viewed 22 March 2013, ; http://daggle. com/amazon-apple-hate-families-2867;. Susamoo, J 2012, Services Marketing Basics, StudyMode. com, viewed 22 March 2013, ;http://www. studymode. com/essays/Services-Marketing-Basics-1051800. html;. Talebzade, S, 2009, The Customer Service Gap Model, University of Technology, Sydney, viewed 22 March 2013, ; http://www. brainmates. com. au/brainrants/the-customer-service-gap-model;. Tejada, C 2012, Google to Shut Down China Music Service, The Wall Street Journal (Asia Edition), viewed 24 March 2013, ;http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10000872396390444620104578009941960495424. html;. Turner, KF, Bienstock, CC ; Reed, RO, 2010, ‘An Application Of The Conceptual Model Of Service Quality To Independent Auditing Services’, Journal of Applied Business Research, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. -7, viewed March 23 2013, ;http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. utas. edu. au/business/docview/733023826/13D0AC1065736D08DC5/1? accountid=14245;. Webb, D 2000, ‘Understanding customer role and its importance in the formation of service quality expectations’, The Service Industries Journal, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-21, viewed 23 March 2013, ;http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. utas. edu. au/business/docview/203346350/13D0AD569442014A8BC/1? accountid=14245. ; Zeithaml, VA, Bitner, MJ ; Gremler, DD 2006, Service Marketing – Integrating Customer Focus Across The Firm, 4th edn, McGraw-Hill, Irwin, Chapter 2, pp. 32-46 , How to cite Gap Model of Service Marketing, Papers

Improving Organizational Citizenship Behavior †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Improving Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Answer: Introduction: Organizational Citizenship Behavior is an aspect that should never be ignored at the workplace. The research will be looking at how an organization can increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Zayas-Ortiz, 2014). The searchable keywords are Organizational Citizenship Behavior, the enhancement of productivity in an organization through Organizational Citizenship Behavior and the benefits of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors in an entity (Jawahar Thomas, 2017). The reason why the keywords are statements rather than a single word is due to the nature of the information that is needed (Roya et al. 2017). The research does not need the definition of the terms but how organizations can increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Comparing the library search with other searches, it is evident that it was difficult acquiring the relevant material (Miguel et al. 2017). The reason behind it is because searching for the information is not straightforward as compared to other searching engines. Library Catalogue Search Search Words # of Hits Titles and Authors of Usable Results Comments (including general source, foundational source, etc.) Organizational Citizenship Behavior One Michel, Trembley. Humor in Teams: Multilevel Relationships Between Humor Climate, Inclusion, Trust, and Citizenship Behaviors. The material was acquired from TWU Library Organizational Citizenship Behavior Three Manish, Kumar., Hemang, Jauhari., Shailendra, Singh. Organizational Citizenship Behavior Employee Well-being. The material was acquired from TWU Library Organizational Citizenship Behavior Two David, Coldwell. Entropic Citizenship Behavior and Sustainability in Urban Organizations: Towards a Theoretical Model. The material was acquired from TWU Library Organizational Citizenship Behavior One Greg, Marshall., William, Moncrief., Felicia, Lassk., David, Shepherd. The material was acquired from TWU Library Organizational Citizenship Behavior one Paul, Bottomley., Sayed, Mostafa., Seymour, Gould-Williams., Filadelfo, Leon-Cazares. The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behaviours: The Contingent Role of Public Service Motivation. The material was acquired from TWU Library. The two databases that I choose to search were: EBSCO Host Emerald Insight The search terms that I have decided on are: How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational Citizenship Behavior The benefits of Organizational Citizenship Behavior The first process was to search the articles by identifying the keywords to be used. After doing so, I chose the specified search engines which were in line with the academic requirements. After searching and finding the articles, I went through each one of them before using them on the paper. Articles from academic databases relevant to topic Database Search Words Author/Article Title/Date From the abstract, why might this be relevant? (very briefly) EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Miguel, Baeza., Yong, Wang., Lynette, W. Analyzing organizational citizenship behavior in Mexico: A collectivist perspective. December 2017 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Kivanc, Inelmen., Nisan, Selekler-Goksen., Ozrem, Yildirim-Oktem. Understanding citizenship behavior of academics in American- vs. Continental European-modeled universities in Turkey. 2017 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Changsuk, Ko., Jianhong, Ma., Mingu, Kang., Scott, E., Mark, Haney. How ethical leadership cultivates healthy guanxi to enhance OCB in China. 2017 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Wuryanti., Heru, Sulistyo. Improving Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) Through Islamic Work Ethics And Knowledge Sharing. October 2017. The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Ge, Wang., Qinghua, He., Xianhai, Meng., Giorgio, Locatelli., Tao, Yu. Exploring the impact of megaproject environmental responsibility on organizational citizenship behaviors for the environment: A social identity perspective. October 2017 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Jeffrey, Muldoon., Shawn, Keough., Eric, Liguori. The role of job dedication in organizational citizenship behavior performance. October 2017 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Alex, Newman., Gary, Schwarz., Brian, Cooper., Sen, Sendjaya. How Servant Leadership Influences Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Roles of LMX, Empowerment, and Proactive Personality. 2017 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host Organizational Citizenship Behavior Francisco, Cesario., Sara, Magalhaes. Human Resources Management, Citizenship Behavior, and Turnover Intention in the Portuguese Public Administration. 2017 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem Emerald Insight How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Zayas-Ortiz, Maria. Relationship between organizational commitments and organizational citizenship behavior in a sample of private banking employees. 2014 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Jawahar, I.M., Thomas, Stone. Do career satisfaction and support mediate the effects of justice on organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior? September 2017 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Heather, Clarke., Lorne, Sulsky. The impact of gender ideology on the performance of gender-congruent citizenship behaviors. October 2017. The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host The benefits of Organizational Citizenship Behavior Roya, Anvary., Ali Sjhaemi, Barzaki., Sobia, Irum., Sholeh, Shapourabadi. The mediating effect of organizational citizenship behavior on the relationship between workplace spirituality and intention to leave. 2017 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Mahmud, Alkailani., Hasan, Aleassa, Hasan. The Effect Of Organizational Justice On Its Citizenship Behavior Among Sales Personnel In The Banking Sector In Jordan 2017 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Eeman, Basu., Rabindra Kumar, Pradhan., Hare Ram, Tewari. Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on job performance in Indian healthcare industries. 2017 The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem EBSCO Host How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior Jennifer, Tosti-Kharas., Eric, Lamm., Tom, Thomas. Organization OR Environment? Disentangling Employees Rationales Behind Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment. September 2017. The article is relevant because the content touches on research question/problem I found the first website by just keying in the keywords. The information was relevant because it talked about the research question. In research, when the website or article has content which is related to the topic question (Eeman et al. 2017). Then the document becomes beneficial to the research. Finding the second website was not in any way different from how I found the first website (Mahmud Hasan, Aleassa, 2017). The information was relevant because the website provided articles which were focusing on the research question. The third website was not had to found, and the process was not different from the first and the second process (Kivanc et al. 2017). The authors of the articles found were focusing on the research problem. Search Engine/ Database Search Words # of Hits Results (including URLs) Comments/Assessment of Relevance Google How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior one Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_5?journalCode=hhup20 The article is relevant to the topic because the authors have focused on the impact of Organizational Citizenship in the performance of an organization. Google How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior one Article: https://www.mssanz.org.au/MODSIM03/Volume_03/B14/03_Chien_Behaviours.pdf The article is relevant because the author has directly addressed the research problem. The title of the article is; A Study To Improve Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Google How to increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior one https://www.ioatwork.com/can-mentoring-increase-organizational-citizenship-behavior/ The source is relevant because the material found tries to relate Organizational Citizenship Behavior and mentorship with the aim of looking into ways of enhancing Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Preliminary Investigation Organizational Citizenship Behavior is an aspect that many organizations have forgotten. The aspect is paramount to the growth of an organization. Employees need to feel as part and parcel of an organization (Ge et al. 2017). When they feel so, they tend to be more effective and motivated. As a result, an organization gets to benefit. Citizenship is known as the act of belonging to a specific nation. Therefore, when one talks about Organizational Citizenship Behavior, he or she tries to say behaviors of a person who belongs somewhere (Wuryanti Heru, 2017). Patriotism and loyalty are some of the characteristics of citizenship. Therefore, when an employee is a citizen to an organization, he or she depicts behaviors which demonstrate loyalty. There is, however, a need to note that an organization has so much to do in enhancing Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. An organization is entitled to treating its employees well. It is only by treating the employees well that an organization can motivate the employees. Employees adopt the organizational Citizenship behaviors when the organization treats them well (Franscisco Sara, 2017). Some of the ways to enhance organizational Citizenship Behaviors in an organization are having an effective leadership in place and motivating the employee (Heather Lorne, 2017). The factors motivate the employees to go past their boundaries just to see the organization prosper. There are a few questions revolving around the topic. One of the questions is; what leads to enhanced organizational citizenship behaviors. The second question is; what are the effects of an enhanced organizational Citizenship behavior? A topic that helps the understanding of a person ought to be of interest to the specific person. The current business world is evolving (Changsuk et al. 2017). There is a need to keep up with the pace. The strategies which used to work are no longer working. It is, therefore, a time to look for the strategies which can be effective. Job motivation is a way of enhancing productivity. However, it does not come without the input of the organization (Roya et al. 2017). The topic is of importance to me because it has looked at the issue of job motivation but from a different perspective. Citizenship is making one feel as part and parcel of a more prominent course. With this in mind, it plays a significant role in enhancing productivity in any given organization. In research, it is important to deal with an issue or topic that can be investigated further. Looking at the topic, it can be explored further (Alex et al. 2017). The topic only needs one to have a connection to organizations. After so doing, one can able to monitor or gather new data on the issue related to the topic. In short, the topic is interesting and gathering more information about it is interesting as well. References Alex, N., Gary, S., Brian, C., Sen, S. (2017). How Servant Leadership Influences Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Roles of LMX, Empowerment, and Proactive Personality. Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 145 Issue 1, p49-62. Changsuk, K., Jianhong, M., Mingu, K., Scott, E., Mark, H. (2017). How ethical leadership cultivates healthy guanxi to enhance OCB in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources. Vol. 55 Issue 4, p408-429. 22p. Eeman, B., Rabindra Kumar, P., Hare Ram, T. (2017). Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on job performance in Indian healthcare industries. International Journal of Productivity Performance Management. Vol. 66 Issue 6, p780-796 Francisco, C., Sara, M. (2017). Human Resources Management, Citizenship Behavior, and Turnover Intention in the Portuguese Public Administration. International Journal of Public Administration. Vol. 40 Issue 11, p979-988. Ge, W., Qinghua, H., Xianhai, M., Giorgio, L., Tao, Y. (2017). Exploring the impact of megaproject environmental responsibility on organizational citizenship behaviors for the environment: A social identity perspective. International Journal of Project Management. Vol. 35 Issue 7, p1402-1414. Heather, C., Lorne, S. (2017). The impact of gender ideology on the performance of gender congruent citizenship behaviors. Human Performance. Vol. 30 Issue 4, p212-230. Jawahar, I.M., Thomas, S. (2017). Do career satisfaction and support mediate the effects of justice on organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior? Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences (John Wiley Sons, Inc.). Vol. 34 Issue 3, p215-228 Jeffrey, M., Shawn, K., Eric, L. (2017). The role of job dedication in organizational citizenship behavior performance. Management Research Review. Vol. 40 Issue 10, p1042-1057 Jennifer, T., Eric, L., Tom, Thomas. (2017). Organization OR Environment? Disentangling Employees Rationales Behind Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment. Organization Environment. Vol. 30 Issue 3, p187-210. Kivanc, I., Nisan, S., Ozrem, Y. (2017). Understanding citizenship behavior of academics in American- vs. Continental European-modeled universities in Turkey. Personnel Review. Vol. 46 Issue 6, p1142-1164. 23p. Mahmud, A., Hasan, Aleassa, H. (2017). The Effect of Organizational Justice on Its Citizenship Behavior among Sales Personnel in the Banking Sector in Jordan. International Journal of Business, Marketing, Decision Science. Vol. 10 Issue 1, p60 75 Miguel, B., Yong, W., Lynette, W. (2017). Analyzing organizational citizenship behavior in Mexico: A collectivist perspective. Global Business Organizational Excellence. , Vol. 37 Issue 1, p16-27 Roya, A., Ali Sjhaemi, B., Sobia, I., Sholeh, S. (2017). The mediating effect of organizational citizenship behavior on the relationship between workplace spirituality and intention to leave. Intangible Capital. Vol. 13 Issue 3, p615-639 Wuryanti., Heru, S. (2017). Improving Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) Through Islamic Work Ethics and Knowledge Sharing. International Journal of Organizational Innovation. Vol. 10 Issue 2, p173-187. 15p. Zayas-Ortiz, M. (2014). Relationship between organizational commitments and organizational citizenship behavior in a sample of private banking employees. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy.

Global Political Economy of Intellectual Property †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Global Political Economy of Intellectual Property. Answer: Introduction: The European Union is one of the most known and significant trade partner of the United States where the trading of goods are protected under the Intellectual Property Rights which makes a big challenge for the American business entities where they are forced to move myriad of law in the collaboration with the federal intellectual property law of the European Union and the intellectual property law of the member states. The European Court of Justice has also make important role in the trading under the Intellectual Property Rights where they also get involved with the conflicts between the national law of the member states and the articles of the Treaty of the functioning of the European Union which make a great involvement for the free movement of goods across National lines for the trading purposes (Ward 2016). However it has found that globally the international law has already make the development on the trade law which make the trading system more wide according to the sovereign government according to their economics where it also help to develop to introduce several rules for economic integration people countries forms and those parties who want to make the contract in the decision making process which is more predictable in globally (Drahos 2016). The European Union has make a common market which are required for the free flow of goods, services, capital and labor which helps to the harmonization in the education, health, social security, safety and intellectual property rights. It also makes the law which depends in the Treaty regulation, decision and directives. Therefore it make the best influence on the European Union on international trade which helps United States has become one of the economic powerful country. But somehow it make difference between the European Union and the United States where they make the innovation and regulation completely different for balancing between the intellectual property rights and the free movement of the goods which helps them to calculate the market value according to their law governing body (Thumm 2013). The basic purpose of such work has defined where European Union has make a protocol of the protection of intellectual property rights, treaty for the free movement of goods and undistorted competition. The Amsterdam Treaty makes one of the most influences for maintaining the balance between the uninterrupted free trade of goods and services which helps to protect the intellectual property rights. Under the treaty the article 101 has been made for the free movement of goods and prohibits the trade agreements between the business association members States who are fixed prices limit protection and rest purposes for the supply and many other commercial activities. The article 102 also helps to protect the business entity from any dominant position according to the Marketplace and any enumerates conditions which are related in the abuse of the dominant position fair it makes powerful remedies for every member state that are related in the business practices (Drahos 2016). However most of the time a conflict has been arises between the protection of intellectual property right and the free movement of goods and disordered competition where the existence of the intellectual property rights make the limitation on the owners assertion of rights. Therefore the exhaustion of rights doctrine prohibits the intellectual property right holder from every exercising right over the goods or the services which has been sold for once. Therefore it is important for the Intellectual Property Rights holder that he must choose between the maintaining complete controls of the protected product domestically or choose the potential financial rewards for placing the product according to the market value to another States. However the Intellectual Property Rights make the free movement of the goods in the European market (May 2013). Different kinds of barriers are also sounds like parallel imports, compulsory licensing, and European Union law supplement the national law, lan guage requirements and licensing agreements. However despite such various the law has been make a area of Trademark law and lesser degree patent law and copyright law in the free movement of goods in the European Union which helps to make the European Union and its law more United by legally for the free movement of the goods in such area which also keep handle that every disputes and other associated issues as per their tribunals (Roffe 2014). Reference Drahos, P., 2016. A philosophy of intellectual property. Routledge. May, C., 2013. The global political economy of intellectual property rights: The new enclosures? (Vol. 3). Routledge. Roffe, P., 2014. Intellectual property chapters in free trade agreements: their significance and systemic implications. In EU Bilateral Trade Agreements and Intellectual Property: For Better or Worse? (pp. 17-40). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Thumm, N., 2013. Intellectual property rights: national systems and harmonisation in Europe. Springer Science Business Media. Ward, D. ed., 2016. The European Union and the culture industries: Regulation and the public interest. Routledge.